King Edward VIII Abdicated for Love

King Edward VIII did something that monarchs do not have the luxury of doing —  he fell in love. King Edward was in love with Mrs. Wallis Simpson, not only an American but also a married woman already once divorced. However, in order to marry the woman he loved, King Edward was willing to give up the British throne —  and he did, on December 10, 1936. To some, this was the love story of the century. To others, it was a scandal that threatened to weaken the monarchy. In reality, the story of King Edward VIII and Mrs. Wallis Simpson never fulfilled either of these notions; instead, the story is about a prince who wanted to be like everyone else. Prince Edward Growing Up: The Struggle Between Royal and Common King Edward VIII was born Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David on June 23, 1894, to the Duke and Duchess of York (the future King George V and Queen Mary). His brother Albert was born a year and a half later, soon followed by a sister, Mary, in April 1897. Three more brothers followed: Harry in 1900, George in 1902, and John in 1905 (died at age 14 from epilepsy). Though his parents surely loved Edward, he thought of them as cold and distant. Edwards father was very strict which caused Edward to fear every call to his fathers library since it usually meant punishment. In May 1907, Edward, only 12  years old, was shipped off to the Naval College at Osborne. He was at first teased because of his royal identity but soon garnered acceptance because of his attempt to be treated like any other cadet. After Osborne, Edward continued on to Dartmouth in May 1909. Though Dartmouth was also strict, Edwards stay there was less harsh. During the night of May 6, 1910, King Edward VII, Edwards grandfather who had been outwardly loving to Edward, passed away. Thus, Edwards father became king and Edward became the heir to the throne. In 1911, Edward became the twentieth Prince of Wales. Besides having to learn some Welsh phrases, Edward was to wear a particular costume for the ceremony. [W]hen a tailor appeared to measure me for a fantastic costume . . . of white satin breeches and a mantle and surcoat of purple velvet edged with ermine, I decided things had gone too far. . . . [W]hat would my Navy friends say if they saw me in this preposterous rig? 1 Though it is surely a natural feeling of teenagers to want to fit in, this feeling continued to grow in the prince. Prince Edward began to deplore being set on a pedestal or worshipped - anything that treated him as a person requiring homage.2 As Prince Edward later wrote in his memoirs: And if my association with the village boys at Sandringham and the cadets of the Naval Colleges had done anything for me, it was to make me desperately anxious to be treated exactly like any other boy of my age. 3 World War I In August 1914, when Europe became embroiled in World War I, Prince Edward asked for a commission. The request was granted and Edward was soon posted to the 1st Battalion of the Grenadier Guards. The prince. however, was soon to learn that he was not going to be sent to battle. Prince Edward, extremely disappointed, went to argue his case with Lord Kitchener, the Secretary of State for War. In his argument, Prince Edward told Kitchener that he had four younger brothers who could become heir to the throne if he were killed in battle. While the prince had given a good argument, Kitchener stated that it was not Edward being killed that prevented him from being sent into battle, but rather, the possibility of the enemy taking the prince as prisoner.4 Though posted far from any battle (he was given a position with Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force, Sir John French), the prince did witness some of the horrors of the war. And while  he wasnt fighting on the front, Prince Edward won the respect of the common soldier for wanting to be there. Edward Likes Married Women Prince Edward was a very good-looking man. He had blonde hair and blue eyes and a boyish look on his face that lasted his entire life. Yet, for some reason, Prince Edward preferred married women. In 1918, Prince Edward met Mrs. Winifred (Freda), Dudley Ward. Despite the fact that they  were about the same age (23), Freda had been married for five years when they met. For 16 years, Freda was Prince Edwards mistress. Edward also had a long-time relationship with Viscountess Thelma Furness. On January 10, 1931, Lady Furness hosted a party at her country house, Burrough Court, where, in addition to Prince Edward, Mrs. Wallis Simpson and her husband Ernest Simpson were invited. It was at this party the two first met. Prince Edward was soon to be infatuated with Mrs. Simpson; however, she didnt make a big impression on Edward at their first meeting. Mrs. Wallis Simpson Becomes Edwards Only Mistress Four months later, Edward and Mrs. Wallis Simpson met again and seven months after that the prince had dinner over at the Simpsons house (staying until 4 a.m.). And though Wallis was a frequent guest of Prince Edwards for the next two years, she was not yet the only woman in Edwards life. In January 1934, Thelma Furness made a trip to the United States, entrusting Prince Edward to the care of Wallis in her absence. Upon Thelmas return, she found that she was no longer welcome in Prince Edwards life - even her phone calls were refused. Four months later, Mrs. Dudley Ward was similarly cut out of the princes life. Mrs. Wallis Simpson was then the princes single mistress. Who Was Mrs. Wallis Simpson? Mrs. Wallis Simpson has become an emotional figure in history. Along with this, many descriptions of her personality and motives for being with Edward have caused some extremely negative descriptions; the nicer ones range from witch to seductress. So who really was Mrs. Wallis Simpson? Mrs. Wallis Simpson was born Wallis Warfield on June 19, 1896, in Maryland, United States. Though Wallis came from a distinguished family in the United States, in the United Kingdom being an American was not highly regarded. Unfortunately, Walliss father died when she was only five months old and left no money;  thus his widow was forced to live off the charity given to her by her late husbands brother. As Wallis grew into a young woman, she was not necessarily considered pretty.5  However,  Wallis had a sense of style and pose that made her distinguished and attractive. She had radiant eyes, good complexion and fine, smooth black hair which she kept parted down the middle for most of her life. Wallis First and Second Marriages On November 8, 1916, Wallis Warfield married Lieutenant Earl Winfield (Win) Spencer, a pilot for the U.S. Navy. The marriage was reasonably good until the end of  World War I, as it was with  many ex-soldiers who became bitter at the inconclusiveness of the war and had difficulty adapting back to civilian life. After the armistice, Win began to drink heavily and also became abusive. Wallis eventually left Win and lived six years by herself in Washington. Win and Wallis werent yet divorced and when Win begged her to rejoin him, this time in China where he had been posted in 1922, she went. Things seemed to be working out until Win started drinking again. This time Wallis left him for good and sued for a divorce, which was granted in December 1927. In July 1928, only six months after her divorce, Wallis married Ernest Simpson, who worked in the family shipping business. After their marriage, they settled down in London. It was with her second husband that Wallis was invited to social parties and invited to Lady Furnesss house where she first met Prince Edward. Who Seduced Whom? While many blame Mrs. Wallis Simpson for seducing the prince, it seems rather more likely that she was herself seduced by the glamor and power of being close to the heir of Britains throne. At first, Wallis was just glad to have become included in the princes circle of friends. According to Wallis, it was in August 1934 that their relationship became more serious. During that month, the prince took a cruise on Lord Moynes yacht, the  Rosaura. Although both Simpsons were invited, Ernest Simpson could not accompany his wife on the cruise because of a business trip to the United States. It was on this cruise, Wallis stated, that she and the prince crossed the line that marks the indefinable boundary between friendship and love.6 Prince Edward became increasingly infatuated with Wallis. But did Wallis love Edward? Again, many people have said that she did not and that she was a calculating woman who either wanted to be a queen or who wanted money. It seems more probable that while  she was not infatuated with Edward, she loved him. Edward Becomes King At five minutes to midnight on January 20, 1936, King George V, Edwards father, passed away. Upon King George Vs death, Prince Edward became King Edward VIII. To many, Edwards grief over his fathers death seemed much greater than the grieving of his mother or his siblings. Though death affects people differently, Edwards grief might have been greater for his fathers death also signified his acquisition of the throne, complete with the responsibilities and eminence that he deplored. King Edward VIII didnt win many supporters at the beginning of his reign. His first act as the new king was to order the Sandringham clocks, which were always a half an hour fast, set to the correct time. This symbolized to many a king who was to deal with the trivial and who rejected his fathers work. Still, the government and the people of Great Britain had high hopes for King Edward. He had seen war, traveled the world, been to every part of the  British empire, seemed sincerely interested in social problems, and had a good memory. So what went wrong? Many things. First, Edward wanted to change many of the rules and become a modern monarch. Unfortunately, this caused Edward to distrust many of his advisors because he saw them as symbols and perpetrators of the old order. He dismissed many of them. Also, in an effort to reform and curb monetary excesses, he cut the salaries of many royal staff employees to an extreme degree. Employees became unhappy. The king also began to be late or cancel appointments and events at the last minute. State papers that were sent to him were not protected, some statesmen worried that German spies had access to these papers. At first, these papers were returned promptly, but soon it would be weeks before they were returned, some of which had obviously not even been looked at. Wallis Distracted the King One of the main reasons he was late or canceled events was because of Mrs. Wallis Simpson. His infatuation with her had grown so extreme that he was severely distracted from his State duties. Some thought she might be a German spy handing State papers over to the German government. The relationship between King Edward and Mrs. Wallis Simpson came to an impasse when the king received a letter from Alexander Hardinge, the kings private secretary, that warned him that the press would not remain silent much longer and that the government might resign en masse if this continued. King Edward was faced with three options: give up Wallis, keep Wallis and government would resign, or abdicate and give up the throne. Since King Edward had decided that he wanted to marry Mrs. Wallis Simpson (he told Walter Monckton that he had decided to marry her as early as 1934), he had little choice but to abdicate.7 King Edward VIII Abdicates Whatever her original motives, until the end, Mrs. Wallis Simpson didnt mean for the king to abdicate. Yet the day soon came when King Edward VIII was to sign the papers that would end his rule. At 10 a.m. on December 10, 1936, King Edward VIII, surrounded by his three surviving brothers, signed the six copies of the Instrument of Abdication: I, Edward the Eighth, of  Great Britain, Ireland, and the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King, Emperor of India, do hereby declare My irrevocable determination to renounce the Throne for Myself and for My descendants, and My desire that effect should be given to this Instrument of Abdication immediately. 8 The Duke and Duchess of Windsor At the moment of King Edward VIIIs abdication, his brother Albert, the next in line for the throne, became King George VI  (Albert was the father of Queen Elizabeth II). On the same day as the abdication, King George VI bestowed upon Edward the family name of Windsor. Thus, Edward became the Duke of Windsor and when he married, Wallis became the Duchess of Windsor. Mrs. Wallis Simpson sued for a divorce from Ernest Simpson, which was granted, and Wallis and Edward married in a small ceremony on June 3, 1937. To Edwards great sorrow, he received a letter on the eve of his wedding from King George VI stating that by abdicating, Edward was no longer entitled to the title Royal Highness. But, out of generosity for Edward, King George was going to allow Edward the right to hold that title, but not his wife or any children. This greatly pained Edward for the rest of his life, for it, was a slight to his new wife. After the abdication, the Duke and Duchess were exiled from Great Britain. Although a number of years had not been established for the exile, many believed it would only last a few years; instead, it lasted their entire lives. Royal family members shunned the couple. The Duke and Duchess lived out most of their lives in France with the exception of a short term in the Bahamas as governor. Edward passed away on May 28, 1972, a month shy of his 78th birthday. Wallis lived for 14  more years, many of which were spent in bed, secluded from the world. She passed away on April 24, 1986, two months shy of 90. 1. Christopher Warwick,  Abdication  (London: Sidgwick Jackson, 1986) 29.2. Warwick,  Abdication  30.3. Warwick,  Abdication  30.4. Warwick,  Abdication  37.5. Paul Ziegler,  King Edward VIII: The Official Biography  (London: Collins, 1990) 224.6. Warwick,  Abdication  79.7. Ziegler,  King Edward  277.8. Warwick,  Abdication  118. Sources: Bloch, Michael (ed).  Wallis Edward: Letters 1931-1937.  London: Weidenfeld Nicolson, 1986. Warwick, Christopher.  Abdication. London: Sidgwick Jackson, 1986. Ziegler, Paul.  King Edward VIII: The Official Biography. London: Collins, 1990.

A Shameful Affair Essay - 981 Words

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At first Mildred remains seated in the snuggest corner of the big front porch of the Kraummer farmhouse, behind her Browning or her Ibsen (148), which conveys the image of someone who is trying to isolate herself intellectually in a farmhouse that is itself isolated in an ocean of natural fertility. Mildred has to abandon her island of civilized social convention when she becomes interested in Fred Evelyn, and nature begins to take its effect on her when she does. She must go down a long, narrow footpath through the bending wheat (150) to encounter Fred at the river. This footpath is like a tunnel through the yellow wheat that reaches high above her waist (150) on either side, which suggests the nearly overwhelming aspect of the fecundity that is almost enveloping her. Mildreds close contact with her sensuous surroundings causes her own repressed sexuality to come to the surface. 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Political Parties, Politics, And Public Policy - 1542 Words

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An Introduction to Mathematical Statistics Employee Commitment and Tu

Question: Describe about the Examining the relationship between Job Satisfaction, Employee Commitment and Turnover? Answer: Introduction: Data analysis for any industry or business is very important. For any industry or business, an employee plays an important role for the development of the company or industry. Job satisfaction of employee is very important for the healthy growth of the company. Employee commitment is very important factor in any industry to achieve the goals in terms of turnover of the company. For the progress of any company or business, the job satisfaction of employee, commitment of employee is very important part. Here, we want to check the relationship between the job satisfaction of the employee, commitment of the employee and turnover of the company. We have to analyse how the progress of company depends on job satisfaction of the employee, commitment of the employee. We have to check whether the turnover of the company is directly related to these factors or not. For this purpose, the ordinary data is collected from the employee by using the questionnaire. The data collected from employee is used for the further data analysis. This type of data analysis is very important in the scenario of the management team for taking proper action within the company or business. Let us see all this statistical data analysis in detail given as below: Data: Data collection is the first step in any data analysis for any business or company. In this topic, we have to see how the data is collected from the employee of the company. For the study of relationship between the turnover of the company and job satisfaction and commitment of the employee, we select a particular company. From this company, we select 200 employees for the purpose of data collection. The questionnaire given to all these employee and data collected through these questionnaires. Then data collected in a tabular format according to different variables. The information is collected for the different variables such as job satisfaction of the employee, commitment of the employee and the turnover of the employee. The turnover of the company is given in the $ and the information about the job satisfaction and employee commitment is given in the scale system in particular ordinary scale. The codes for these ordinary scales are summarised in the following table: Code Description 0 Very Low 1 Low 2 Moderate 3 Good 4 Better 5 Best Some more information about the data regarding the relationship between the employee commitment, job satisfaction of employee and total turnover of the company is given in the appendix section at the last part of this study. Now, let us see the data analysis for the collected data in detail given in the next topic. Data Analysis: Data analysis is very essential part for the collected data for analysing the facts related to the different variables under study. For this study, we have to study the relationship between the three variables such as the employee commitment, job satisfaction of the employee and turnover of the company. First of all, we have to see the information about the frequency distribution for the variables given in the data set. The frequency distribution for the job satisfaction of the employee is summarised in the following table: Statistics Job_Satisfaction N Valid 200 Missing 0 Job_Satisfaction Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Very low 28 14.0 14.0 14.0 Low 43 21.5 21.5 35.5 Moderate 26 13.0 13.0 48.5 Good 38 19.0 19.0 67.5 Better 29 14.5 14.5 82.0 Best 36 18.0 18.0 100.0 Total 200 100.0 100.0 The job satisfactions of the employee are arranged from the very low job satisfaction to best satisfaction in the above table. Total of 200 employees filled up the questionnaire and this data from questionnaire is used for the data analysis. For the variable job satisfaction, most of the employee respond as the low job satisfaction as an answer to asked question about job satisfaction. About 43 employees noted low job satisfaction and about 36 employees are noted best job satisfaction in the given questionnaire. 36 employees said that they had best job satisfaction with their job in the company. The diagrammatic representation for this frequency distribution is represented by using the bar diagram which is given as below: The above bar diagram shows the comparison between the different levels of the job satisfaction. The bar for the low job satisfaction is very high and the bar for good job satisfaction is on the second place. The respond as the moderate job satisfaction is noted by minimum respondents or employee of the company. Now, we have to see the frequency distribution for the variable employee commitment. The frequency distribution for this variable is summarised in the following table. The same codes are used for this frequency distribution as used in the above frequency distribution. Statistics Commitment N Valid 200 Missing 0 Commitment Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Very Low 38 19.0 19.0 19.0 Low 28 14.0 14.0 33.0 Moderate 33 16.5 16.5 49.5 Good 30 15.0 15.0 64.5 Better 34 17.0 17.0 81.5 Best 37 18.5 18.5 100.0 Total 200 100.0 100.0 From the above frequency distribution, it was observed that 38 employees noted the response the very low commitment at their work within the company. About 37 employees are responded as the best commitment during their work within the company. The detail frequency distribution for the different ordinary scale is represent in the above table. The diagrammatic representation of this frequency distribution is given by using the bar diagram which is given as below: The above bar diagram for the variable commitment of the employee is given as above and it gives the comparison between different ordinary levels for the variable commitment. The bar for the very low commitment is very high as compared to other commitment levels. Now, we have to see some other statistical analysis for given variables in the data set. We have to see the descriptive statistics for the third variable as turnover of the company. The study of descriptive statistics consist of the mean, mode, median, minimum, maximum etc. The descriptive statistics for the variable turnover of the company is summarised in the following tables. Descriptive Statistics N Minimum Sum Mean Std. Deviation Variance Turnover 200 1022.00 1110557.00 5552.7850 2636.30951 6950127.808 Valid N (listwise) 200 Some more descriptive statistics for the variable turnover of the company is given in the following table: Descriptive Statistics N Range Maximum Mean Skewness Kurtosis Statistic Statistic Statistic Std. Error Statistic Std. Error Statistic Std. Error Turnover 200 8860.00 9882.00 186.41523 -.115 .172 -1.241 .342 Valid N (listwise) 200 Now, we have to see the diagrammatic representation for the variable turnover of the company by using the box plot. We have to see the spread of the distribution of the variable turnover of the company by using the box plot which is given as below: Case Processing Summary Cases Valid Missing Total N Percent N Percent N Percent Turnover 200 100.0% 0 0.0% 200 100.0% The above box plot explains the distribution of the turnover of the company. Now, we have to see some other diagrammatic representation for the variable turnover of the company by using the histogram for the variable turnover of the company. Let us see this histogram in detail given as below: The above histogram does not show any pattern or bell shaped curve. This means that the above histogram or the data for the turnover for the company does not follow the approximate normal distribution. The study of inferential statistics plays an important role in the data analysis for the prediction purpose. The inferential statistics includes the study of testing of hypothesis. By using testing of hypothesis, we check the different claims regarding the variables in the data set. Here, we have to check the claim whether there is a same or different turnover for the company with employee having the different ordinary scale of their job satisfaction. For checking this claim, we have to use the one way analysis of variance or ANOVA test in short. Let us see this one way analysis of variance or ANOVA in detail given as below: The null hypothesis for this one way ANOVA test is given as below: Null hypothesis: H0: There is a same turnover for the company with an employee having different scale of job satisfaction. The alternative hypothesis for this one way ANOVA test is given as below: Alternative hypothesis: Ha: There is not a same turnover for the company with an employee having different scale of job satisfaction. Now, we have to see the analysis for this one way ANOVA which is summarised in the following table: The ANOVA table for this test is given as below: ANOVA Turnover Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 66067636.084 5 13213527.217 1.946 .088 Within Groups 1317007797.671 194 6788699.988 Total 1383075433.755 199 For this ANOVA table, we get the p-value as 0.088 and we are given a level of significance as 0.05 or 5%. We know the decision rule is given as below: Decision rule: We reject the null hypothesis if the p-value is less than the given level of significance or alpha value. We do not reject the null hypothesis if the p-value is greater than the given level of significance or alpha value. Here, we are given as level of significance or alpha = 0.05 and we have p-value = 0.088 p-value alpha value So, we do not reject the null hypothesis that there is a same turnover for the company with an employee having different scale of job satisfaction. Now, we have to check another claim regarding the commitment of the employee. Let us see this test in detail given as below: For this hypothesis test we have to use same analysis as we seen in the above test. We have to use the one way analysis of variance or ANOVA test for checking the claim about the commitment of the employee. The null hypothesis for this one way ANOVA test is given as below: Null hypothesis: H0: There is a same turnover for the company with an employee having different scale of employee commitment. The alternative hypothesis for this one way ANOVA test is given as below: Alternative hypothesis: Ha: There is not a same turnover for the company with an employee having different scale of employee commitment. Now, we have to see the analysis for this one way ANOVA test by using the ANOVA table. The ANOVA table for this test is summarised as below: ANOVA Turnover Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 5032708.153 5 1006541.631 .142 .982 Within Groups 1378042725.602 194 7103313.019 Total 1383075433.755 199 For this ANOVA table, we get the p-value as 0.982 and we are given a level of significance as 0.05 or 5%. We know the decision rule is given as below: Decision rule: We reject the null hypothesis if the p-value is less than the given level of significance or alpha value. We do not reject the null hypothesis if the p-value is greater than the given level of significance or alpha value. Here, we are given as level of significance or alpha = 0.05 and we have p-value = 0.982 p-value alpha value So, we do not reject the null hypothesis that there is a same turnover for the company with an employee having different scale of employee commitment. For this study regarding the relationship between the job satisfaction of the employee, commitment of the employee and turnover of the company, we made some conclusions which are summarised in the next topic. Summary: For the variable job satisfaction, most of the employee respond as the low job satisfaction as an answer to asked question about job satisfaction. About 43 employees noted low job satisfaction and about 36 employees are noted best job satisfaction in the given questionnaire. 36 employees said that they had best job satisfaction with their job in the company. It was observed that 38 employees noted the response the very low commitment at their work within the company. About 37 employees are responded as the best commitment during their work within the company. We do not reject the null hypothesis that there is a same turnover for the company with an employee having different scale of job satisfaction. We do not reject the null hypothesis that there is a same turnover for the company with an employee having different scale of employee commitment. References: Robert V. Hogg, Allen T. Craig, Joseph W. McKean, An Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, 6th ed., Prentice Hall, 2004. George Casella, Roger L. Berger, Statistical Inference, 2nd ed., Duxbury Press, 2001. David R. Cox, D. V. Hinkley, Theoretical Statistics, Chapman Hall/CRC, 1979. Peter J. Bickel, Kjell A. Doksum, Mathematical Statistics, Volume 1, Basic Ideas and Selected Topics, 2rd ed. Prentice Hall, 2001. S. 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